Basic LIFE support (BLS) following by Advanced cardiac LIFE support (ACLS) is intended to rescue the patients with acute circulatory or respiratory failure or both. The most important determinant of short and long-term neurologically intact survival is the interval from the onset of the cardiac or respiratory onset to restoration of effective spontaneous functions of these vital activities.It is commonly accepted that every physician, regardless of specialty, should be able to  perform CPR. It must be also emphasized that CPR, almost invariably, necessitates a rapid interventional follow-care with ACLS procedure.Without well-performed basic LIFE support, advanced cardiac LIFE support is of no remark-: able benefit, BLS and ACLS are processes that must be performed step by step and with respect to the patient's condition.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for LIFE in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in LIFE gives LIFE a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in LIFE construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in LIFE questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of LIFE's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in LIFE questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in LIFE questionnaire with a two factor pattern

LIFE history of insect herbivores is unclear after feeding on mutant lines of many crops.To shed light, demographic parameters of Plutella xylostella on three canola cultivars (“Zar”, “RGS”, “Talaye”) and their physical mutation-derived lines (“Zar 9-9”, “RGS 8-1”, “RGS 10-2”, “RGS 8-13” and “Talaye 8-3”) were determined under greenhouse condition. Methods of LIFE TABLE including the female age specific LIFE TABLE and the agestage, two-sex LIFE TABLE were applied. According to two-sex LIFE TABLE, there was no significant difference between demographic parameters of P. xylostella on “Talaye” and“ Zar” in comparison with their mutant lines, but significant differences were observed between these parameters on mutant lines of “RGS”. Having suiTABLE cultural traits, “RGS 8-1” was more susceptible than the other two mutant lines and its control cultivar “RGS” in terms of population growth of the pest. According to the two-sex LIFE TABLE, the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (l) were the highest on RGS 8-1 (98.63 offspring per individual, 0.208 and 1.231 day-1, respectively). Also, population projection showed the rapid growth of the pest on the latter line. There was a little difference between the same population parameters estimated by two methods of LIFE TABLE. Investigating some consequences of plant breeding using radiation techniques on insect fitness not only leads plant breeders to do more unfailing selections but also provides some enlightenment in pest management programs effectively when plantation of such crops is prioritized.

The antibiosis, host preference in free-choice situation, and digestive enzyme activity of Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated in the laboratory (25 ± 1 ° C, 60 ± 5% R. H. with a 14-h day) on nine host plants: broccoli, canola (leaf, flower, and pod), cauliflower, kohlrabi, radish, red cabbage and white cabbage. The antibiosis test was based on LIFE TABLE parameters and the experiment started with 50 replicates for each host plant using clip cages. The immature survival varied from 34% on red cabbage to 78% on cauliflower. The viviparous aphids reared on rapeseed (flower) had the highest GRR and R0 values, and those on red cabbage had the lowest GRR and R0 values. Also, aphids reared on rapeseed (flower) had significantly higher rm value. The lowest rm value was obtained when individuals fed upon red cabbage. In host preference experiment, rapeseed (leaf) attracted the significantly higher number of adults as opposed to radish, which attracted the lower number of adults. Females who came from nymphs reared on rapeseed (flower) were heavier than other hosts. The growth index of nymphs varied from 0. 035 to 0. 103, with the minimum on red cabbage and the maximum on cauliflower. The amylolytic activity in adults was higher on rapeseed (flower) and the lowest on red cabbage. In addition, the highest and lowest proteolytic activity was on rapeseed (flower) and red cabbage, respectively. The results of this study indicated that red cabbage was an unsuiTABLE host for feeding of B. brassicae.

Demographic parameters such as intrinsic rate of increase estimates are of main interest in a wide range of ecological researches. Two widely used uncertainty estimate techniques are bootstrap and jackknife methods.Bootstrap estimates are time-consuming processes that are impossible to use without a computer program. Unfortunately few programs, if any, have been developed for this task. In this study a guideline was offered to prepare a program in Microsoft Excel environment to carry out time-consuming calculations of reproductive LIFE TABLE data in a minute or two by repeatedly pressing a shortcut key.